2024 Tus sau: Elizabeth Oswald | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-13 00:07
dA=−pdV−SdT. qhov twg kB yog Boltzmann tas li, T yog qhov kub thiab txias, thiab QNVT yog lub canonical ensemble muab faib ua haujlwm.
Koj ua li cas xam Helmholtz dawb lub zog los ntawm kev faib ua haujlwm?
Helmholtz Free Energy
f=u−T(u/T+kBlnz)=−kBTlnz. Peb nco ntsoov tias qhov no tus nqi ntawm f, uas tuaj yeem xam los ntawm tsuas yog canonical muab faib ua haujlwm thiab qhov kub thiab txias, sib haum rau lub ntiaj teb yam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm txhua qhov macrostates.
Dab tsi yog hauv Helmholtz lub zog dawb?
Hauv cov thermodynamics, Helmholtz lub zog tsis muaj zog (lossis Helmholtz zog) yog lub peev xwm thermodynamic uas ntsuas cov haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig tau los ntawm qhov kaw qhov ntsuas kub ntawm qhov ntsuas kub tsis tu ncua(isothermal). … Thaum qhov kub thiab txias tas li, lub zog Helmholtz dawb yog txo qis ntawm qhov sib npaug.
Yuav ua li cas koj suav lub zog pub dawb?
Gibbs lub zog pub dawb, txhais tau tias G, ua ke enthalpy thiab entropy rau hauv ib qho nqi. Kev hloov pauv hauv lub zog dawb, ΔG, yog sib npaug rau cov lej ntawm cov enthalpy ntxiv rau cov khoom ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm qhov system.
Thaum Gibbs dawb lub zog tsis zoo?
Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj qhov tsis zoo ∆G tso tawm lub zog dawb thiab hu ua exergonic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. (Handy mnemonic: EXergonic txhais tau hais tias lub zog yog tawm hauv lub cev.) Qhov tsis zoo ∆G txhais tau tias uas cov reactants, lossis lub xeev pib, muaj lub zog dawb ntau dua li cov khoom, lossis lub xeev kawg.
Pom zoo:
Yuav ua li cas xam delocalization zog ntawm benzene?
Cov suav delocalization zog rau benzene yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom no, los yog (6α+8β)−(6α+6β)=2β. Uas yog hais tias, lub laij lej delocalization zog yog qhov txawv ntawm lub zog ntawm benzene nrog tag nrho π bonding thiab lub zog ntawm 1, 3, 5-cyclohexatriene nrog alternating ib leeg thiab ob daim ntawv cog lus.
Vim li cas lub zog muaj peev xwm tsis zoo thaum lub zog txaus nyiam?
Qhov no yog tus nqi tsis zoo rau ob qho laj thawj; lub zog ua yeeb yam ntawm lawv yog qhov txaus nyiam, thiab xoom ntawm lub zog muaj peev xwm yog nyob ntawm kev sib cais tsis kawg. Qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo yog tias lub zog ntawm ob tus nqi txaus nyiam(lawv tawm tsam) thiab qhov zoo yog tias nws ntxub (cov nqi zoo sib xws).
Koj puas yuav pw tsaug zog thaum pw tsaug zog?
Nyob rau hauv qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov xwm txheej, kev pw tsaug zog tseem ceeb heev rau ib tus neeg uas pw tsaug zog. Yog li ntawd, tus neeg pw tsaug zog tsis tuaj yeem tsaug zog. Koj lub cev puas yuav yuam kom koj pw? Qhov tseeb yog, lub cev yuav luag tsis tuaj yeem nyob twj ywm rau ib hnub ntawm ib lub sijhawm, vim tias koj hlwb yuav tsum yuam kom koj tsaug zog.
Yuav ua li cas rau Bernard thiab Helmholtz?
Ua li cas rau Bernard thiab Helmholtz? Lawv ob leeg raug banned mus rau Islands tuaj nrog lwm cov neeg siab tawv uas tsis haum rau hauv zej zog. … Yauhas xav qhia nws txoj kev tu siab rau nws niam thiab kev npau taws hauv zej zog. Nws kuj xav kom tshem nws txoj kev ntshaw rau lenina.
Puas yog xam xaj xam xaj xam xaj neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw?
Naturalized United States pej xeem yog tsis suav tias yog neeg txawv teb chaws lawm thiab tsis tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv kev txiav txim xa tawm. Puas yog neeg xam xaj neeg txawv teb chaws? Ib tug neeg xam xaj Asmeskas yog tus neeg yug los txawv tebchaws uas tau ua tiav txhua qhov kev xav tau los ua neeg xam xajtsim los ntawm Txoj Cai Kev Nkag Tebchaws thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo (INA) dhau los ntawm US Congress.
