2024 Tus sau: Elizabeth Oswald | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-13 00:07
PD-L1 tau qhia ntau yam ntawm ib txwm thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mobthiab muaj ntau dua tam sim no dua li PD-L2 [3]. Cov qog hlwb kuj tau txais qhov PD-1 / PD-L1 cov txheej txheem no txhawm rau txhawm rau tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab ua kom cov qog loj hlob [2].
Puas PD-L1 ntawm cov hlwb li qub?
PD-L1 tej zaum yuav pom ntawm qee lub hlwb ib txwmthiab nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj ntau dua li qub ntawm qee hom qog nqaij hlav. Thaum PD-L1 khi rau lwm cov protein hu ua PD-1 (ib qho protein uas pom ntawm T cells), nws ua rau T hlwb tsis txhob tua cov hlwb PD-L1, suav nrog cov qog nqaij hlav cancer.
PD-L1 ib txwm qhia nyob qhov twg?
PD-L1, tseem hu ua CD274 thiab B7-H1, yog ib qho transmembrane protein feem ntau qhia rau saum npoo ntawm antigen nthuav tawm cov hlwb thiab qog hlwb. PD-L1 tshwj xeeb khi rau nws cov receptor, PD-1, uas tau nthuav tawm ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob qog noj ntshav, xws li T hlwb, B hlwb, thiab cov hlwb myeloid (11, 12.).
Pob lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob qhia PD-L1?
PD-L1 yog tsim tawm hauv qee cov qog thiab lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob, thiab nws cov lus qhia tuaj yeem raug ntxias lossis tswj hwm los ntawm ntau yam.
Puas PD-1 qhia rau txhua lub T hlwb?
PD-1 yog nthuav tawm ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm tes ntawm lub tshuab ua haujlwm T cells, NK hlwb, B hlwb, macrophages thiab ob peb subsets ntawm DCs.
Pom zoo:
Puas yog mesenchymal hlwb osteogenic hlwb?
Mesenchymal qia hlwb cog lus rau osteogenic kab thiab sib txawv rau hauv cov laus osteoblasts thiab osteocytes osteocytes Osteocytes yog cov hlwb nyob hauv cov pob txha nws tus kheej thiab yog 'entrapped' osteoblasts . Lawv yog cov post-proliferative, sawv cev rau cov neeg paub tab sib txawv tshaj plaws ntawm cov kab mob osteoblast.
Vim li cas lub kaus mom hlau tseem ceeb rau lub skydiver lub hlwb?
Thaj chaw hla ntawm lub skydiver Ib qho qhib parachute nce thaj tsam ntawm qhov kev poob skydiverthiab yog li ua kom cov huab cua tiv thaiv uas nws ntsib (raws li pom hauv cov animation hauv qab no). Thaum lub parachute qhib, huab cua tiv thaiv overwhelms lub downward quab yuam ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus.
Puas yog cov hlwb eukaryotic thawj lub hlwb?
Thawj lub eukaryotic hlwb - cov hlwb nrog lub nucleus ib sab hauv daim nyias nyias - khi organelles - tej zaum hloov zuj zus kwv yees li 2 billion xyoo dhau los . Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm txoj kev xav endosymbiotic endosymbiotic txoj kev xav Txoj kev xav tau hais tias mitochondria, plastids xws li chloroplasts, thiab tej zaum lwm cov organelles ntawm eukaryotic hlwb yog nqis los ntawm yav tas los dawb-nyob prokaryotes (ntau ze ze rau cov kab mob ntau dua li archaea) coj
Puas yog cov paj hlwb genitofemoral yog cov paj hlwb peripheral?
Cov paj hlwb genitofemoral hais txog paj hlwb uas pom hauv plab. Nws cov ceg, ceg ntawm qhov chaw mos thiab cov ceg femoral muab kev nkag siab rau sab sauv sab xub ntiag, nrog rau daim tawv nqaij ntawm lub qhov quav sab hauv ntawm cov txiv neej thiab mons pubis hauv cov poj niam.
Lub hlwb puas hlwb nyob qhov twg?
A retinal ganglion cell (RGC) yog ib hom neuron nyob ze rau sab hauv (lub ganglion cell txheej) ntawm retina ntawm lub qhov muag. Nws tau txais cov ntaub ntawv pom los ntawm photoreceptors ntawm ob hom neuron nruab nrab: cov hlwb bipolar thiab amacrine cells.
